A Simple Water Level controller for indicating and stop the pump motor automatically

The article a very straightforward circuit design which can be  used for controlling the
water level of any tank by switching the pump motor ON and OFF, depending upon the relevant
levels of water in the tank and the position of the immersed sensor points.

Circuit Description

As we all know water (in it’s impure form) that we get in our homes through our house water
supply system, has a low resistance to electrical energy. In simple words, water conducts
electricity albeit very minutely.

Normally the resistance of tap water might be in the range of 100 K to 200 K.

This resistance value is quite enough for electronic for exploiting it for the project
described in this article that is for a simple water level controller circuit.
We have used four NAND Gates here for the required sensing, the whole operation may be
understood with the below given points:

Referring to the above simple automatic water level controller indicator circuit, we see
that point B which is at the positive potential is placed somewhere at the bottom section of
the tank.
Point C is placed at the bottom of the tank, while point A is pinned at the top most section
of the tank.
As long as water remains under point B, potentials at point A and point C remain at negative
or ground level. It also means that the inputs of the relevant NAND gates are also clamped
at logic low levels because of the 2M2 resistors.

The outputs from N2 and N4 also remain at low logic, keeping the relay and motor switched
OFF.
Now suppose the water inside the tank starts filling and reaches point B, it connects point
C and B, input of gate N1 becomes high making the output of N2 also high.
However due to the presence of D1, the positive from the output of N2 does not make any
difference to the preceding circuit.
Now when the water reaches point A, input of N3 becomes high and so does the output of N4.
N3and N4 gets latched due to the feed back resistor across the output of N4 and input of N3.
The high output from N4 switches ON the relay and the pump starts emptying the tank.
As the tank gets vacated, the position of water at some point of time goes below point A,
however this does not affect N3 and N4 as they are latched, and the motor keeps running.

However once the water level reaches below point B, point C and the input of N1 reverts to

logic low, output of N2 also becomes low.

Here the diode gets forward biased and pulls the input of N3 also to logic low, which in

turn makes the output of N4 low, subsequently switching OFF the relay and the pump motor.

Parts List for the above simple automatic water level controller circuit

Following parts are required for making this automatic water level controller circuit.

R1 = 100K,
R2, R3 = 2M2,
R4, R5= 1K,
T1 = BC547,
D1, D2 = 1N4148,
RELAY = 12V, 400 OHMS, 
N1, N2, N3, N4 = 4093

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TOROIDAL TRANSFORMER BUILDING

Against the 3 major disadvantages of Square transformers used for high-power devices such as: its exaggerated size, heavy weight and high cost, they took on the task of investigating the processors used for high power amplifiers in the world and saw that those skilled in the art we are Filipinos, Indonesians, India and elsewhere in Asia; All had in common the use of Toroidal Transformers .

 An example are the amplifiers , Crest Audio , and Crown , among other brands. In determining this, we were forced to find an easy way to make them ourselves. 
squares we verified that transformers are suitable, using them in low power from 1W to 800W, but if we want to assemble higher powers; for economy, size, stability and weight, use Toroidal transformers.


Recall that the windings of a transformer are enamelled magnet wire with a dielectric coating 

that serves as an electrical insulator. Are Wrapped around the core either by using a machine. The number of turns of wire determine the voltage, a full rotation around the core is wquivalent to a return.

Primary winding is receving voltage publik network, either 120V  or  220V AC .depends on a country. 

The secondary winding is the output voltage of the transformer.

The secondary winding is driven by a magnetic field produced by the primary winding, armature on the core. A transformer with a 1:1 ratio produces a voltage almost equal to that enters it. I say almost, because due to small losses fails to deliver exactly the same. For instance; enter 12 volt, the output will have about 11 volts approx. 
If the ratio is 1:2 (primary: secondary), the voltage delivered by the secondary winding is twice that entering the primary.For instance; enter 12-volt output to have about 23 volts approx. 
1:3 will result in a 3-fold higher secondary voltage the voltage on the primary winding. For instance; enter 12 volt, the output will have about 34 volts approx. 

We should note that all the above applies only in a transformer without load. When the transformer is put to work, ie feed any circuit; for example an amplifier, a voltage drop is recorded and therefore a difference between the input voltage and the output, which no longer matches the relationship or calculation made ​​by the number of turns of wire in the primary winding and the amount sub. This voltage drop is mainly due to the magnetic coupling of the primary winding and the secondary windings through the core, do not achieve 100% efficiency, and also to such factors as the quality of the copper wire, that the more lower its quality, the greater its resistance to flow.  transfer power between the primary winding and the secondary is donemagnetically through the core and air.  remember that the primary and secondary windings never are electrically connected together, unless it is a Auto-transformer and that's another topic.

The Toroidal transformers are solenoids for high performance. Recall that is called solenoid to a physical device capable of generating a stable and strong on the inside and on the outside very weak magnetic field.
Inductors are those which as its name suggests, induce currents in a coil to another or others close . They were invented in August 1831 by the English physicist Michael Faraday , who discovered that a changing magnetic field can induce a voltage in a wire nearby , and this was called the Faraday Induction Law . Toroidal transformers also have another property known as self-inductance, this is a kind of resistance. The toroidal resist or fight the changes that generate their own power, either to make it bigger or smaller. The strength of the self-inductance depends on the number of toroidal coils and receiving AC power.

Characteristics of a toroidal transformer

A Toroidal transformer has a magnetic field inside forming a series of concentric circles magnetic. Out of it, the field is null. The strength of this magnetic field depends on the number of turns or turns the toroidal have. This means that the magnetic field decreases as the diameter increases the transformer core.

Toroidal transformers surpass in many fields of application to conventional transformers, although are calculated and constructed with a more or less similar procedure. 
What makes more efficient the toroids transformers is that the magnetic flux through the Iron-Silicon core, always turns in the direction of its circumference, ie in the same direction of lamination. This is due to the fact that the core is a long band or spiral wound sheet.

However in the nuclei of type E, I, the flux of the magnetic field has to turn around to follow the profile forming the E and I. Therefore transformers in classical magnetic flux loss is higher, especially in binding plates E with I, which does not occur in the toroidal. 
Another great advantage of the toroid transformer is its low height allows installation in places where one would not a classic transformer.
To achieve the same inductance a classic transformer, toroidal requires fewer turns, and can be made ​​smaller in size.Once built, you'll notice that less than a conventional transformer heats. This allows use of thinner wire and a core smaller. 
Another advantage is that as the magnetic field is contained therein, toroidal transformers can be placed near other electronic components without risk of inductances leak unwanted generating noise or adjacent circuit malfunction.
Toroidal used in telecommunications, medical devices, musical instruments, amplifiers, ballasts and more.

However all is not rosy. There are some disadvantages when bobinarlos. 
A classic is transformed directly into the coil wire coil, either by hand or using a rotary machine. However, to make a toroidal, the wire must pass through a donut, therefore, one must first calculate the length of wire that we may lack;remember that no ties should be made, especially in the primary winding. 
toroidal Another disadvantage is how difficult it can be to find empty cores. So it is best to recycle and incidentally we make the planet a favor. Of course, rolls of tape or deck you get to toroidal. For example in tecolradio.com platen rolls sold by kilos. Are obtained from 3 cm in width (measured in the height of the core) to 9.5 inches. The range is extensive and only buy the necessary kilos sheet and roll to taste or need.

NOTE : All the theory and procedure as explained below are based on practice, trial and error. So everything has been checked before doing this manual.

Design and then build transformers is an interesting and necessary task if one wants to save good money.

Processors who teach building then has a power output of approximately 1.225W. It says available because the end is not used this power as the circuit does not consume it, but whenever we do transformers for amplifiers are designed a little above what is required by the team, this to compensate for that loss.

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